Childhood Thyroid Cancer: Pharmacological Options and Therapeutic Advances

Abstract

Childhood thyroid cancer, though relatively rare compared to other malignancies, has seen significant advancements in pharmacological options and therapeutic strategies over recent years. The primary treatment for pediatric thyroid cancer typically involves surgical intervention, often total or near-total thyroidectomy. However, the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in children, particularly in cases of advanced or recurrent disease, may necessitate the use of targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sorafenib and lenvatinib have emerged as vital components of the treatment arsenal, showing promise in managing metastatic disease and improving survival rates. Alongside these pharmacological options, early detection through improved imaging techniques and increased awareness among healthcare providers has enhanced prognosis and minimized the long-term effects of treatment. Therapeutic advances continue to evolve with ongoing research into the molecular pathways involved in childhood thyroid cancer. A better understanding of genetic mutations, such as BRAF and RET, paves the way for more personalized treatment approaches that can tailor interventions to individual patient profiles. Furthermore, the development of innovative radioiodine therapies and immunotherapy is expanding the scope of treatment for refractory cases. Multidisciplinary care, incorporating endocrinologists, oncologists, and surgeons, is integral to optimizing outcomes and addressing the unique challenges faced by pediatric patients. Ongoing clinical trials are crucial for revealing the long-term effects of these therapies, ultimately aiming to enhance survival rates while minimizing adverse effects on growth and development in young patients.