Historical Evolution and Sustainable Transformation of the Sugar Industry in the Cauca Valley (Colombia): Four Centuries of Innovation and Challenges

Abstract

Introduction: The sugarcane industry in the Cauca Valley region of Colombia has played a fundamental role in the country's agricultural and industrial development. This study provides a historical and sustainability-oriented analysis of this industry, emphasizing its evolution over four key periods: agricultural expansion (16th-19th centuries), industrialization (1900-1945), development (1945-2002), and specialization (2002-present). The research highlights the technological innovations and environmental challenges that have shaped the sugar sector in the region.

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the historical development of the sugarcane industry in the Cauca Valley, identifying the main technological, economic and environmental transformations. It also seeks to evaluate the sector's transition towards sustainability and its contribution to the production of biofuels, particularly ethanol.

Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out using databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Environmental Impact and SciELO. The study also incorporates official reports from Asocaña, Cenicaña and the Agriculture Ministry. The selection criteria included sources that addressed historical evolution, technological innovations and environmental sustainability. The data were analysed using a qualitative and comparative approach to assess the impact of each stage of development.

Results: The findings indicate that sugarcane industry has undergone significant transformations, especially since the beginning of the 20th century. The adoption of mechanization, genetic improvements, and precision agriculture have increased productivity while reducing environmental impact. The introduction of ethanol production has positioned the sector as a key player in Colombia’s bioeconomy. However, significant challenges remain related to land use, water consumption, and carbon emissions.

Conclusions: The study concludes that while the sugarcane industry in the Cauca Valley has made notable economic and technological progress, its sustainability remains a challenge. Future efforts should focus on integrating circular economy principles, improving resource use efficiency, and mitigating environmental impacts to ensure its long-term viability. The industry's historical trajectory serves as a model for balancing economic growth with environmental responsibility in agro-industrial sectors.