Risk Factors and Management of Pressure Ulcers in Hospitalized Patients

Abstract

Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are areas of damaged skin and tissue that occur when blood flow to the skin is obstructed, typically due to prolonged pressure in immobilized patients. Key risk factors include immobility, which can stem from surgical procedures, advanced age, or debilitating medical conditions. Patients with limited sensory perception, such as those with neurological impairment, are also at higher risk as they may not feel discomfort that would encourage repositioning. Other contributing factors include poor nutrition, moisture due to incontinence, and the presence of existing skin damage. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for both prevention and timely intervention. Effective management of pressure ulcers necessitates a comprehensive approach. This involves regular assessment of at-risk patients using standardized tools like the Braden Scale, which evaluates sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction/shear. Preventative strategies include repositioning the patient every two hours, using pressure-relieving devices (such as specialized mattresses or cushions), and ensuring nutritional needs are met to promote skin health and repair. Staff education is also vital in maintaining high standards of care, alongside promoting patient autonomy where possible. In cases where ulcers do develop, treatment may include thorough wound cleaning, debridement, and the application of appropriate dressings that facilitate healing.