Emergency and Critical Care of Early Recognition and Treatment in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Abstract

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a range of conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow to the heart, primarily due to coronary artery disease. Prompt recognition of ACS is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Key early signs include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea. Medical professionals in emergency and critical care settings must employ rapid assessment protocols, such as the use of ECGs, troponin testing, and risk stratification tools, to differentiate between unstable angina, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Early identification allows for timely interventions, such as the administration of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and the initiation of reperfusion strategies for STEMI patients, significantly reducing myocardial damage and improving survival rates. Treatment in the emergency phase relies on effectively managing the patient's pain, stabilizing hemodynamics, and preventing further complications. Strategies include the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), beta-blockers, and statins, alongside intervention options like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients presenting with STEMI. Continuous monitoring in critical care settings is essential to detect recurrent ischemia, arrhythmias, or other complications. The multidisciplinary team approach, integrating cardiologists, emergency physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, ensures comprehensive care. Educating patients on lifestyle changes and secondary prevention measures post-discharge is also critical in reducing the risk of future cardiac events.